Unique Trail Difficulty Rating System
Text by Fiona McIntosh and Leon Hugo
It goes without saying that, as with downhill skiing, rock climbing or white-water kayaking, you’ll enjoy a trail more if it matches your fitness level and technical expertise. However trail grading is difficult not just because it is subjective but because there are many intangible variables – your fitness, health, age and mental toughness and externals such as the weather, environment, surface and trail conditions. The load you are carrying is significant and even the layout of a trail can influence your perception of tiredness: having constant variation and interesting features keeps your mind off fatigue.
Energy use as yardstick
The difficulty rating methodology uses a unique calorie approach based on the energy expended by users on the trail. The most accurate way of grading a trail is to calculate the effort (i.e. energy expenditure) required. This is the basis of the difficulty grading system for the national system of audited, well-maintained trails known as Green Flag trails. As part of the Green Flag initiative Prof Leon Hugo of the University of Pretoria used VO2Max tests in the laboratory and data collected from hikers in the field to develop a scientifically calculated, ten-point effort scale divided into four bands – Easy (1 to <4), Moderate (4 to <7), Difficult (7 to 10) and Extreme (10+).
Of course it’s not the numbers that are important. It’s the relative difficulty that counts. So you need to calibrate yourself on a graded hike and then use the scale for comparison purposes. If, for example, you struggle on Day 1 of the Whale Trail, rated as ‘difficult’ 7.5, the good news is that it gets easier each day with Day 5 being a ‘moderate’ 3.4. But you probably don’t want to be signing up for the six-day Swellendam Trail, which has three extreme days (rated 9.7-10+) unless you get a bit fitter!
The time you take to do the hike is irrelevant because at the end of the day the person running the trail (and then resting for a long time) will have used as much energy as the slow hiker who arrives later in the day – though the runner might feel more wear and tear in his/her joints.
South African Army figures show that you exert nearly twice as much energy walking in loose sand (x1.9) as on a path. So if you’re doing a beach hike aim to walk around low tide!
Technical difficulty – is the trail scary?
The technical difficulty of a trail (in terms of rock scrambling, exposure etc) is also important – particularly if you’re unsteady on your feet or are scared of heights. In conjunction with the Mountain Club of South Africa a technical grading scale has been developed: (see illustrations below).
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- Walk : you can stroll/walk (mostly) with hands in pockets; although there might be steep sections.
- Scramble: you need to use your hands in places, to hold onto, up a hill or a rocky stretch, to crawl, or to slide down a steep slope. The trail is not dangerous but uncomfortable in places. Shallow river crossings and small ladders fall in this category. (For the different scenarios, see illustrations below).
- Climb : you use a ladder or chain to negotiate potentially dangerous or very steep sections; have to traverse a narrow ledge, are exposed to heights, or have to negotiate other obstacles (such as deep rivers; narrow ledges; high ladders) which are potentially dangerous, especially under adverse climatic conditions.
- Rock climbing: This is where there is some sections where one requires technical implements to negotiate rock faces.This category is not normally associated with hiking.
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The graph below is used to indicate the various degrees of difficulty by referring to it as:
WALK / SCRAMBLE / CLIMB / ROCK CLIMB
The slanting graph lines represent increasing levels of technical difficulty.
Illustrations of Technical Difficulty:
1) Walk
2a) Scramble – Slide down/climb up a steep slope
2b) Scramble – Use hands for support
2c) Scramble – “Walk-though” river crossings
3a) Climb – Ropes/chains required to hold on to
3b) Climb – Trails run near edge or scary heights
3c) “Swim-through” River Crossings also fall under category of “climb”
3d) Climb – High/dangerous unprotected bridges and ladders
4) Rock climb. (With aid of technical equipment)
Bibliography:
Scientific Papers and Journal Articles
Hugo, M.L. 1998: Difficulty Grading of Hiking Trails. Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 21(1) : 47-54 (With Kruger,P.E., Jansen van Vuuren,T.B.R. and Hugo,M.L.(jnr).
Hugo, M.L 1999: Energy Equivalent as a measure of the difficulty rating of hiking trails. Tourism Geographies 1(3):1-15
Hugo, M.L 2000:A Comprehensive Approach towards the Planning, Grading and Auditing of Hiking Trails as Ecotourism Products. Current Issues in Tourism (lead article) 2(2 & 3):124-136
Hugo, M.L 2000. Grading of Trails. Sustainable Tourism. Papers collected from the 98’ International Geographic Union Study group Meeting. Lisbon. (pp.166-177).